What is compared?
These examples compare unstandardized indirect effects and their
contrasts in a parallel and a serial model. They use the package’s
simulated example_data, not the empirical manuscript
dataset. The MEMORE 3.0 reports are stored SPSS output; they are not
rerun when this page is built. The wsMed analyses below are executed
when the tutorial is rebuilt.
| Setting | Matched choice |
|---|---|
| Data | The same 100 complete simulated participant rows |
| Direction | Condition 2 minus condition 1 for every pair |
| Model | The same mediator ordering and directed connections |
| Covariates and moderator | None; MEMORE does not support covariates |
| Scale | Unstandardized effects |
| Indirect-effect inference | 5,000 participant bootstrap samples; 95% percentile CIs |
The default wsMed analysis uses Monte Carlo inference. Here we explicitly request bootstrap inference and 5,000 replicates to match the method and sample count in the stored reports. The two programs do not use identical resamples, so matching settings does not imply identical CI endpoints.
Why focus on indirect effects? In these MEMORE reports, total and direct effects use regression-based SEs and t intervals. The wsMed bootstrap report uses bootstrap SEs and percentile CIs for all effects. Thus the indirect-effect intervals below have a common interpretation; the total- and direct-effect intervals should not be treated as equivalent output. Contrasts are calculated within each bootstrap sample, retaining dependence between indirect effects.
Parallel mediation
The three mediators are A, B and C; the outcome is D. There are no directed connections among mediators.
result1 <- wsMed(
data = example_data,
M_C1 = c("A1", "B1", "C1"),
M_C2 = c("A2", "B2", "C2"),
Y_C1 = "D1",
Y_C2 = "D2",
ci_method = "bootstrap",
bootstrap = 5000
)
print(result1)
#> wsMed analysis
#> Model: P | DE | Observations: 100
#> Effects:
#> wsMed all | raw scale | bootstrap
#> 95% percentile intervals; 5000 joint draws; SE from effect draws
#> Condition contrast: C2 - C1
#> Estimate Std. Error CI lower CI upper
#> cp: Direct effect -0.031486 0.016692 -0.065312 0.000477
#> indirect_1: M1 0.001360 0.003223 -0.004983 0.008751
#> indirect_2: M2 -0.001222 0.002960 -0.008998 0.003281
#> indirect_3: M3 -0.000256 0.002695 -0.006899 0.004957
#> total_indirect: Total indirect effect -0.000118 0.005509 -0.012749 0.009917
#> total: Total effect -0.031604 0.017059 -0.066636 0.000594
#> Inference draws: 5000 retained of 5000 ; 0 excluded before effect extraction.
#> Use as.data.frame() for the full-precision table and metadata.
#> Post-fit admissibility: 1 of 1 ; excluded rows: 0The table aligns specific pathways, their total, and the same signed contrasts:
| Effect | MEMORE estimate | wsMed estimate | MEMORE 95% CI | wsMed 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ind1: A -> D | 0.0014 | 0.0014 | [-0.0049, 0.0078] | [-0.0050, 0.0088] |
| Ind2: B -> D | -0.0012 | -0.0012 | [-0.0088, 0.0035] | [-0.0090, 0.0033] |
| Ind3: C -> D | -0.0003 | -0.0003 | [-0.0072, 0.0050] | [-0.0069, 0.0050] |
| Total indirect | -0.0001 | -0.0001 | [-0.0130, 0.0092] | [-0.0127, 0.0099] |
| Ind1 - Ind2 | 0.0026 | 0.0026 | [-0.0053, 0.0113] | [-0.0052, 0.0115] |
| Ind1 - Ind3 | 0.0016 | 0.0016 | [-0.0067, 0.0114] | [-0.0063, 0.0114] |
| Ind2 - Ind3 | -0.0010 | -0.0010 | [-0.0089, 0.0068] | [-0.0090, 0.0066] |
Full stored MEMORE 3.0 parallel-model report
Run MATRIX procedure:
*********************** MEMORE Procedure for SPSS Version 3.0 ***********************
Written by Amanda Montoya
Documentation available at github.com/akmontoya/MEMORE
**************************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND WARNINGS ****************************
Bootstrap confidence interval method used: Percentile bootstrap.
Number of bootstrap samples for bootstrap confidence intervals:
5000
The following variables were mean centered prior to analysis:
( A2 + A1 ) /2
( B2 + B1 ) /2
( C2 + C1 ) /2
Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output:
95.00
**************************************************************************************
Model:
1
Variables:
Y = D2 D1
M1 = A2 A1
M2 = B2 B1
M3 = C2 C1
Computed Variables:
Ydiff = D2 - D1
M1diff = A2 - A1
M2diff = B2 - B1
M3diff = C2 - C1
M1avg = ( A2 + A1 ) /2 Centered
M2avg = ( B2 + B1 ) /2 Centered
M3avg = ( C2 + C1 ) /2 Centered
Sample Size:
100
**************************************************************************************
Outcome: Ydiff = D2 - D1
Model
Coef SE t p LLCI ULCI
constant -.0316 .0170 -1.8586 .0661 -.0653 .0021
Degrees of freedom for all regression coefficient estimates:
99
**************************************************************************************
Outcome: M1diff = A2 - A1
Model
Coef SE t p LLCI ULCI
constant -.0271 .0176 -1.5385 .1271 -.0621 .0079
Degrees of freedom for all regression coefficient estimates:
99
**************************************************************************************
Outcome: M2diff = B2 - B1
Model
Coef SE t p LLCI ULCI
constant .0145 .0181 .8024 .4243 -.0213 .0503
Degrees of freedom for all regression coefficient estimates:
99
**************************************************************************************
Outcome: M3diff = C2 - C1
Model
Coef SE t p LLCI ULCI
constant .0153 .0163 .9404 .3493 -.0170 .0477
Degrees of freedom for all regression coefficient estimates:
99
**************************************************************************************
Outcome: Ydiff = D2 - D1
Model Summary
R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
.1978 .0391 .0296 .6312 6.0000 93.0000 .7049
Model
Coef SE t p LLCI ULCI
constant -.0315 .0176 -1.7875 .0771 -.0665 .0035
M1diff -.0501 .1009 -.4968 .6205 -.2505 .1502
M2diff -.0844 .1022 -.8252 .4114 -.2874 .1187
M3diff -.0167 .1084 -.1536 .8782 -.2320 .1987
M1avg -.0305 .1015 -.3002 .7647 -.2320 .1711
M2avg -.0060 .0945 -.0633 .9497 -.1936 .1816
M3avg -.1552 .1090 -1.4239 .1578 -.3716 .0612
Degrees of freedom for all regression coefficient estimates:
93
************************* TOTAL, DIRECT, AND INDIRECT EFFECTS *************************
Total effect of X on Y
Effect SE t df p LLCI ULCI
-.0316 .0170 -1.8586 99.0000 .0661 -.0653 .0021
Direct effect of X on Y
Effect SE t df p LLCI ULCI
-.0315 .0176 -1.7875 93.0000 .0771 -.0665 .0035
Indirect Effect of X on Y through M
Effect BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI
Ind1 .0014 .0030 -.0049 .0078
Ind2 -.0012 .0029 -.0088 .0035
Ind3 -.0003 .0028 -.0072 .0050
Total -.0001 .0054 -.0130 .0092
Indirect Key
Ind1 'X' -> M1diff -> Ydiff
Ind2 'X' -> M2diff -> Ydiff
Ind3 'X' -> M3diff -> Ydiff
Pairwise Contrasts Between Specific Indirect Effects
Effect BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI
(C1) .0026 .0039 -.0053 .0113
(C2) .0016 .0043 -.0067 .0114
(C3) -.0010 .0038 -.0089 .0068
Contrast Key:
(C1) Ind1 - Ind2
(C2) Ind1 - Ind3
(C3) Ind2 - Ind3
------ END MATRIX -----
Serial mediation
The two mediators are A and B; the outcome is C.
form = "CN" adds the A-to-B connection, matching the stored
MEMORE serial specification. The third indirect effect now follows A → B
→ C.
result2 <- wsMed(
data = example_data,
M_C1 = c("A1", "B1"),
M_C2 = c("A2", "B2"),
Y_C1 = "C1",
Y_C2 = "C2",
form = "CN",
ci_method = "bootstrap",
bootstrap = 5000
)
print(result2)
#> wsMed analysis
#> Model: CN | DE | Observations: 100
#> Effects:
#> wsMed all | raw scale | bootstrap
#> 95% percentile intervals; 5000 joint draws; SE from effect draws
#> Condition contrast: C2 - C1
#> Estimate Std. Error CI lower CI upper
#> cp: Direct effect 0.015995 0.016422 -0.017209 0.047258
#> indirect_1: M1 0.000977 0.003106 -0.004617 0.008159
#> indirect_1_2: M1 -> M2 0.000710 0.001088 -0.000763 0.003552
#> indirect_2: M2 -0.002337 0.003775 -0.011787 0.003241
#> total_indirect: Total indirect effect -0.000650 0.005013 -0.011443 0.009266
#> total: Total effect 0.015346 0.016257 -0.016721 0.046780
#> Inference draws: 5000 retained of 5000 ; 0 excluded before effect extraction.
#> Use as.data.frame() for the full-precision table and metadata.
#> Post-fit admissibility: 1 of 1 ; excluded rows: 0| Effect | MEMORE estimate | wsMed estimate | MEMORE 95% CI | wsMed 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ind1: A -> C | 0.0010 | 0.0010 | [-0.0045, 0.0084] | [-0.0046, 0.0082] |
| Ind2: B -> C | -0.0023 | -0.0023 | [-0.0111, 0.0033] | [-0.0118, 0.0032] |
| Ind3: A -> B -> C | 0.0007 | 0.0007 | [-0.0008, 0.0034] | [-0.0008, 0.0036] |
| Total indirect | -0.0006 | -0.0006 | [-0.0109, 0.0095] | [-0.0114, 0.0093] |
| Ind1 - Ind2 | 0.0033 | 0.0033 | [-0.0042, 0.0128] | [-0.0039, 0.0133] |
| Ind1 - Ind3 | 0.0003 | 0.0003 | [-0.0063, 0.0083] | [-0.0067, 0.0082] |
| Ind2 - Ind3 | -0.0030 | -0.0030 | [-0.0132, 0.0035] | [-0.0139, 0.0035] |
Full stored MEMORE 3.0 serial-model report
Run MATRIX procedure:
*********************** MEMORE Procedure for SPSS Version 3.0 ***********************
Written by Amanda Montoya
Documentation available at github.com/akmontoya/MEMORE
**************************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND WARNINGS ****************************
Bootstrap confidence interval method used: Percentile bootstrap.
Number of bootstrap samples for bootstrap confidence intervals:
5000
The following variables were mean centered prior to analysis:
( A2 + A1 ) /2
( B2 + B1 ) /2
Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output:
95.00
**************************************************************************************
Model:
1
Variables:
Y = C2 C1
M1 = A2 A1
M2 = B2 B1
Computed Variables:
Ydiff = C2 - C1
M1diff = A2 - A1
M2diff = B2 - B1
M1avg = ( A2 + A1 ) /2 Centered
M2avg = ( B2 + B1 ) /2 Centered
Sample Size:
100
**************************************************************************************
Outcome: Ydiff = C2 - C1
Model
Coef SE t p LLCI ULCI
constant .0153 .0163 .9404 .3493 -.0170 .0477
Degrees of freedom for all regression coefficient estimates:
99
**************************************************************************************
Outcome: M1diff = A2 - A1
Model
Coef SE t p LLCI ULCI
constant -.0271 .0176 -1.5385 .1271 -.0621 .0079
Degrees of freedom for all regression coefficient estimates:
99
**************************************************************************************
Outcome: M2diff = B2 - B1
Model Summary
R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
.2351 .0553 .0314 2.8371 2.0000 97.0000 .0635
Model
coeff SE t p LLCI ULCI
constant .0208 .0179 1.1603 .2488 -.0148 .0564
M1diff .2333 .1010 2.3086 .0231 .0327 .4338
M1avg -.0578 .0963 -.6002 .5498 -.2489 .1333
Degrees of freedom for all regression coefficient estimates:
97
**************************************************************************************
Outcome: Ydiff = C2 - C1
Model Summary
R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
.1720 .0296 .0269 .7238 4.0000 95.0000 .5778
Model
Coef SE t p LLCI ULCI
constant .0160 .0167 .9563 .3413 -.0172 .0492
M1diff -.0360 .0962 -.3744 .7089 -.2270 .1549
M2diff -.1123 .0967 -1.1607 .2487 -.3043 .0798
M1avg -.0617 .0931 -.6619 .5097 -.2466 .1233
M2avg -.0733 .0875 -.8374 .4044 -.2469 .1004
Degrees of freedom for all regression coefficient estimates:
95
************************* TOTAL, DIRECT, AND INDIRECT EFFECTS *************************
Total effect of X on Y
Effect SE t df p LLCI ULCI
.0153 .0163 .9404 99.0000 .3493 -.0170 .0477
Direct effect of X on Y
Effect SE t df p LLCI ULCI
.0160 .0167 .9563 95.0000 .3413 -.0172 .0492
Indirect Effect of X on Y through M
Effect BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI
Ind1 .0010 .0031 -.0045 .0084
Ind2 -.0023 .0036 -.0111 .0033
Ind3 .0007 .0010 -.0008 .0034
Total -.0006 .0048 -.0109 .0095
Indirect Key
Ind1 'X' -> M1diff -> Ydiff
Ind2 'X' -> M2diff -> Ydiff
Ind3 'X' -> M1diff -> M2diff -> YDiff
Pairwise Contrasts Between Specific Indirect Effects
Effect BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI
(C1) .0033 .0042 -.0042 .0128
(C2) .0003 .0034 -.0063 .0083
(C3) -.0030 .0041 -.0132 .0035
Contrast Key:
(C1) Ind1 - Ind2
(C2) Ind1 - Ind3
(C3) Ind2 - Ind3
------ END MATRIX -----
Reading the comparison
The indirect-effect and contrast point estimates agree to the four decimal places available in the stored MEMORE reports. Percentile CI endpoints can differ because of the bootstrap resamples and quantile conventions.
Centering also matters in the serial example. MEMORE recenters mediator averages in each bootstrap sample, while wsMed resamples variables centered during data preparation. This can change downstream-mediator intercepts and their indirect-effect draws, even with identical resamples. Interpret the serial intervals in light of this additional implementation difference.
Matching point estimates establishes agreement for these fitted models; it does not by itself validate interval coverage or other model specifications.
The comparison does not establish agreement for standardized or moderated effects. Their definitions and scale conventions need separate checks; see Standardized effects. For a first analysis with the default wsMed settings, use Get started.